In Japan, although things are changing, be cautious about calling people by their first name; first names are often restricted to family and very close friends. In general, it’s best to couple someone’s lastnamewith“san” (for example, Koizumi-san); this works for both men and women.

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Chinese names appear in a different order to those in the West. The family name is followed by the generational name and then a given name. The generational and given names are usually separted by a hyphen. Some Chinese people use the initials of their generational and given names, hence Lee Cheng-kwan can be known as C K Lee or Mr Lee. However, many people adopt an English first name or nickname to make it easier for westerners to address them. Some of these adopted names are a little odd – so don’t be surprised if you run into Ivan Ho in Hong Kong.

It is advisable to call Germans by titles, as foe example professor or doctor. It will show that you appreciate highly their educational credentials. Job descriptions govern Indian office life. Be careful not to step on toes; even sending your own fax may ruffle feathers. When entering a taxi in Japan, the most important person sits in the middle with an acolyte on either side. In business negotiations, expect the representatives of a traditional Chinese firm to enter the room in order of seniority.



In Asia and East Asia, the giving and receiving of business cards is a formal affair. Offer your card with both hands, and accept graciously those you are handed (do not shove them into a pocket). In Japan, have a business card (a meishi) with you at all times. Failure to offer one signals that you are not interested in pursuing the relationship. When visiting China or Japan, have your business cards printed in English on one side and Chinese or Japanese on the other. Cards should be presented with the Japanese or Chinese side facing up. In India, it is usual to include academic qualifications on business cards.

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